Can You Work While Waiting for Asylum? The Rules

Last updated: 5 October 2026

Photo: Young Woman in an Interview - Amtec Photos

One of the most common questions asylum seekers ask is: can I work during asylum? The answer depends on which country you are in. Each country has different rules about when and how asylum seekers can work. In some countries, you can apply for a work permit after a waiting period. In others, you cannot work at all until you receive a decision. This guide explains the rules in the UK, US, Canada, and the EU so you know exactly where you stand.[1]

Waiting for an asylum decision can take months or even years. During this time, many people want to support themselves and their families. However, working without permission can seriously damage your asylum case. Therefore, it is essential to understand the rules before you start any paid work. This asylum guide will help you make safe and informed decisions about employment while your claim is pending.

UK Rules: Working While Waiting for Asylum

In the United Kingdom, asylum seekers generally cannot work. The rules are strict. You must wait at least 12 months after submitting your asylum claim before you can even apply for permission to work. Additionally, the delay must not be your fault. If the Home Office decides that you caused the delay (for example, by not attending interviews), you may not be allowed to apply.[2]

Even after 12 months, the permission to work is very limited. You can only take jobs on the Shortage Occupation List (SOL). This is a list of jobs where the UK has a shortage of workers. It includes some healthcare roles, engineering positions, and certain skilled trades. However, most common jobs are not on this list. As a result, many asylum seekers cannot find work even after getting permission. Furthermore, the permission does not allow self-employment.

While you wait, the UK government provides financial support through Section 95 support. This is a small weekly payment, currently around 49.18 GBP per week (2025/2026 rate). The government also provides housing, known as asylum accommodation. This support is basic, but it is designed to cover essential needs while your claim is processed.[3]

US Rules: Employment Authorization Document (EAD)

The United States has a different approach to work during asylum. If you have filed an asylum application, you can apply for an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) after 180 days. This 180-day period starts from the date you filed your complete asylum application. The application form is called Form I-765, and you file it with USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services).[4]

There is an important rule called the "asylum EAD clock." This clock tracks the 180-day waiting period. However, the clock can stop if you cause delays in your case. For example, if you ask the court to postpone your hearing, the clock may stop. If the government causes the delay, the clock keeps running. Therefore, it is important to avoid unnecessary delays that could push back your eligibility for work authorization.

Once approved, the EAD is valid for two years. It allows you to work in any job, including self-employment. There are no restrictions on the type of work you can do. Processing times vary, but USCIS aims to process EAD applications within 30 days of the 180-day eligibility date. In practice, however, processing can take longer. Moreover, you can renew the EAD if your case is still pending when it expires.[5]

Canada Rules: Work Permits for Asylum Seekers

Canada is more generous than both the UK and the US when it comes to allowing asylum seekers to work. Once your refugee claim has been referred to the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), you can apply for an open work permit. There is no mandatory waiting period. You can apply right away. The work permit allows you to work for any employer in any job across Canada.[6]

To apply, you need to submit an application to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). You will need proof that your claim has been referred to the IRB. Processing times vary by location, but many applications are processed within a few weeks. Additionally, the work permit is usually valid until your claim is decided or for a set period, whichever comes first. If your claim takes longer, you can renew the permit.

Work Rights Comparison: UK vs US vs Canada vs EU

Volunteering While Waiting for Asylum

The good news is that volunteering is generally allowed in all major asylum countries. Volunteering means working without pay for a charity, community group, or other organisation. In the UK, asylum seekers can volunteer freely. There is no need to apply for permission. However, the volunteering must be genuine. You cannot receive payment, even informal payments. Additionally, the organisation must be a registered charity or non-profit.[8]

In the US and Canada, volunteering is also permitted for asylum seekers. There are no specific restrictions. Volunteering provides many benefits. It helps you learn the language, build skills, make friends, and stay active during the long wait. Moreover, volunteering shows the court that you are contributing to your community. This can leave a positive impression if your case goes to a hearing.

Volunteering gave me purpose during the hardest time of my life. I learned English, made friends, and felt like I belonged. When my hearing came, the judge could see I was trying to be part of this country.
Asylum seeker testimony, Refugee Council UK, 2024

Self-Employment and Education

Self-employment rules vary widely. In the UK, asylum seekers cannot be self-employed, even if they have permission to work. In the US, the EAD allows self-employment, so you can start a business or work as a freelancer once you have the document. In Canada, the open work permit also allows self-employment.

Education is a different matter. In most countries, asylum seekers have the right to study. In the UK, asylum seekers can access further education courses, and children must attend school. In the US, children have a constitutional right to education regardless of immigration status. Adults can attend community college and university, though fees may apply. In Canada, asylum seekers can study, and their children can attend public school for free. Therefore, education is one of the best ways to use your time while waiting for a decision.[9]

What to Do While You Wait

The waiting period can feel very long. However, there are many productive things you can do. Here are some practical suggestions that can help you during this difficult time.

• Volunteer: Join a local charity. This helps you meet people and learn the language.
• Study: Take language classes, attend college courses, or study online. Many free courses are available.
• Prepare your case: Work with your lawyer to gather evidence, write your witness statement, and collect country condition reports.
• Stay healthy: Look after your physical and mental health. See a doctor if you need help.
• Keep records: Save all letters, documents, and appointments related to your case.
• Connect with support groups: Many human rights organisations offer support for asylum seekers, including legal advice, counselling, and social activities.

Conclusion

The rules about whether you can work during asylum vary by country. The UK is the most restrictive, requiring a 12-month wait and limiting work to Shortage Occupation List jobs. The US allows work after 180 days with an EAD, with no restrictions on job type. Canada is the most generous, allowing work permits immediately after your claim is referred. Across the EU, rules vary, but most countries allow work after six to nine months. Regardless of where you are, never work without the correct permission. Illegal work can seriously damage your asylum case. Instead, use the waiting period to volunteer, study, prepare your case, and look after your health. With the right support and information, you can make the most of this difficult time.