Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
In both Iran and Saudi Arabia, women face systemic restrictions on their rights and freedoms. Strict dress codes, limited autonomy, and discriminatory laws confine women to roles dictated by conservative interpretations of religion and tradition. 

For many women, these restrictions are not only oppressive but also life-threatening when enforced through violence and intimidation. As a result, growing numbers of Iranian and Saudi women are leaving their homelands, seeking asylum and opportunity abroad. 

Page 2 — Historical and Political Background 
Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran has enforced strict laws requiring compulsory hijab and restricting women’s rights in family, employment, and public life. Women-led protests, such as the 2022 “Women, Life, Freedom” movement, have been met with severe crackdowns. 

Saudi Arabia, long governed by Wahhabi conservatism, imposed guardianship laws and severe restrictions on women’s movement, education, and employment. While some reforms in recent years have granted Saudi women greater freedoms, arbitrary enforcement and discrimination remain pervasive. 

Page 3 — Forms of Discrimination and Repression 
Women in Iran and Saudi Arabia face oppression in many forms: 

- Compulsory dress codes: enforced by morality police with harsh penalties. 
- Legal inequality: limited rights in marriage, divorce, and custody. 
- Employment barriers: restrictions on jobs and leadership roles. 
- Violence and harassment: targeting of women activists and protesters. 
- Surveillance and intimidation: monitoring of public behaviour and online activity. 

These conditions deny women full citizenship, forcing many to flee in pursuit of dignity and equality. 

Page 4 — Consequences for Citizens and Society 
For women, systemic restrictions mean curtailed opportunities, trauma, and in some cases imprisonment or exile. Families are fractured when women activists are jailed or forced to seek asylum abroad. 

For Iranian and Saudi societies, denying women equal participation weakens economic development, stifles innovation, and deepens social inequality. Internationally, both states face criticism for gender-based repression, though reform promises are often overshadowed by ongoing abuses. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Ensuring women’s rights in Iran and Saudi Arabia requires both internal reform and international advocacy. 

Key steps include: 
- Legal reform: abolish compulsory dress codes and discriminatory family laws. 
- Accountability: prosecute abuses against women activists and protesters. 
- Empowerment: expand education, employment, and leadership opportunities for women. 
- Civil society support: protect women’s rights organisations and movements. 
- International solidarity: offer asylum and advocacy for women fleeing persecution. 

Until such measures are achieved, restrictions on women’s rights will continue to push Iranians and Saudis abroad, as they seek safety, freedom, and equality beyond their borders.