Introduction and Overview
In Sudan, women continue to face widespread discrimination, rooted in legal, cultural, and political structures. Despite their vital role in society and their prominent participation in the 2019 pro-democracy revolution, Sudanese women remain marginalised in public life and vulnerable to systemic abuse.

From discriminatory laws to gender-based violence, women encounter obstacles in education, employment, and civic participation. The persistence of patriarchal norms reinforces these barriers, leaving women excluded from opportunities and exposed to injustice.

This article examines the main forms of discrimination Sudanese women face, the lived experiences of survivors, and the urgent need for reform.


Legal and Institutional Discrimination
Sudan’s legal system historically enforced repressive policies against women. Under the now-abolished Public Order Laws, women could be arrested for “indecent” dress or behaviour. Although these laws were repealed in 2019, the mindset of control over women’s bodies persists in policing practices and social norms.

Family law remains discriminatory, with unequal rights in marriage, divorce, and child custody. Inheritance laws favour men, while women’s testimony in court is often given less weight. Employment opportunities are limited, and women frequently face wage disparities.

Political participation is also restricted. While women played a crucial role in protest movements, they are underrepresented in leadership positions during transitional negotiations and governance.


Gender-Based Violence and Everyday Harassment
Gender-based violence is widespread in Sudan, exacerbated by conflict and insecurity. Women and girls in Darfur and other conflict-affected regions have endured mass sexual violence, often used as a weapon of war. Survivors rarely receive justice, as perpetrators enjoy impunity.

Domestic violence is pervasive but underreported, given cultural stigma and lack of legal protection. Police often dismiss complaints, and there are few shelters or support services available for victims.

In urban areas, harassment in public spaces is routine. Women report being targeted for their clothing or independence, reinforcing a culture of intimidation.


Social and Economic Marginalisation
Discrimination against women also manifests in social and economic life. Access to education has improved in some regions, but girls are still more likely to drop out due to early marriage, poverty, or lack of facilities. Rural women in particular face barriers to healthcare and basic services.

In the workforce, women encounter structural disadvantages. Many are relegated to informal or low-paid sectors, with little protection or benefits. Professional women often find their advancement blocked by gender bias, despite their qualifications.

Conflict and displacement compound these challenges, as women are left to shoulder the burden of caring for families while lacking security or economic independence.


Reform, Empowerment, and Conclusion
Sudanese women’s struggle for equality is ongoing. Reform is essential to dismantle systemic discrimination and build an inclusive society. Key steps include:
- Legal reform: strengthen protections against gender-based violence, ensure equality in family law, and enforce anti-discrimination measures in employment.
- Representation: guarantee women’s meaningful participation in political decision-making and leadership roles.
- Services and support: expand shelters, counselling, and health services for survivors of violence.
- Cultural change: invest in education and public campaigns to challenge patriarchal attitudes.
- International solidarity: support Sudanese women’s organisations that continue to push for rights and reforms.

Women in Sudan have demonstrated resilience and courage, from leading protests to sustaining families in times of crisis. Yet without systemic change, they will continue to face harsh discrimination. Building a just and democratic Sudan depends on ensuring that women are no longer excluded but empowered as equal partners in shaping the nation’s future.