I. Introduction: Governance in Decline 
Vietnam, while experiencing impressive economic growth, continues to be plagued by corruption and authoritarian governance that undermine democratic freedoms. The ruling Communist Party exerts total control over politics and society, using corruption as both a tool of enrichment and a mechanism of control. For many citizens, the lack of transparency, justice, and accountability leaves migration as the only viable path toward freedom and opportunity. 

II. The Authoritarian Framework 
As a one-party state, Vietnam allows no political pluralism. The Communist Party dominates all aspects of governance, from legislation to the judiciary, leaving no space for opposition or dissent. This concentration of power fuels authoritarian practices that deny citizens meaningful participation in political life. 

III. Corruption as a Structural Problem 
Corruption in Vietnam is systemic, affecting public administration, law enforcement, and the judiciary. Officials often exploit their positions for personal gain, while whistle-blowers face harassment or imprisonment. This entrenched corruption deepens inequality and leaves ordinary citizens excluded from the benefits of Vietnam’s economic growth. 

IV. Weak Rule of Law 
The legal system is heavily influenced by political elites, undermining judicial independence. Courts routinely deliver verdicts favourable to the ruling party, while political dissidents face closed trials and harsh sentences. The absence of impartial justice erodes public trust and reinforces authoritarian control. 

V. Suppression of Free Expression 
Freedom of speech and press are tightly controlled. Journalists and citizens who criticise corruption or state abuses are prosecuted under vague laws, such as those prohibiting ‘anti-state propaganda.’ This silencing of dissent ensures that corruption remains hidden and unchecked. 

VI. Harassment of Activists and NGOs 
Civil society organisations face restrictive laws that limit their activities, particularly when addressing governance or human rights issues. Activists are routinely harassed, detained, or surveilled, discouraging civic participation and advocacy for reform. 

VII. Economic Inequality and Frustration 
Although Vietnam’s economy has grown rapidly, the benefits are unevenly distributed. Corruption ensures that elites and those connected to the ruling party capture much of the wealth, while rural and working-class citizens face poverty and limited opportunities. This inequality fuels disillusionment and drives migration in search of fairness and justice. 

VIII. Land Confiscations and Abuse 
Corruption is particularly evident in land seizures, where authorities confiscate property for development projects with little or no compensation. Citizens who resist face intimidation or imprisonment, leaving many with no choice but to abandon their homes and migrate abroad. 

IX. Surveillance and Authoritarian Control 
Vietnam employs extensive surveillance systems to monitor its citizens, especially activists and dissidents. This pervasive control further discourages criticism and fosters an environment where authoritarian practices thrive unchecked. 

X. Migration as a Political Decision 
For many Vietnamese citizens, migration is not only an economic decision but a political one. Asylum seekers often cite corruption, repression, and authoritarian practices as reasons for leaving. The exodus reflects both frustration with the current system and a desire for dignity, freedom, and accountability. 

XI. Diaspora Advocacy 
Vietnamese diaspora communities abroad continue to advocate for political reform and expose corruption in their homeland. Their activism amplifies the voices silenced within Vietnam, keeping international attention on the country’s authoritarian practices. 

XII. Conclusion: Reform or Exodus 
Corruption and authoritarian policies in Vietnam are driving citizens to flee in search of justice and freedom. Without genuine reforms to strengthen transparency, accountability, and democracy, the outflow of Vietnamese citizens will continue. Migration thus becomes both a survival strategy and a form of resistance to authoritarian governance.