Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
Nepal is home to a remarkable mosaic of religions and ethnic groups, yet this diversity has also been a source of tension and conflict. Religious minorities and ethnic communities frequently report discrimination, exclusion, and violence. 

These pressures, combined with weak protections from the state, have led many citizens to migrate abroad in search of safety, dignity, and equal opportunities. The ongoing migration highlights the failure to address deep-rooted divisions within Nepalese society. 

Page 2 — Historical and Political Background 
Historically, Nepal was governed by high-caste Hindu elites, who dominated politics, land ownership, and cultural life. Ethnic minorities such as the Madhesi, Tharu, Janajati, and Dalits have long struggled against structural exclusion. 

The 2015 Constitution promised inclusion and federalism, but many communities felt betrayed by boundary demarcations and limited representation. Religious minorities — including Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists — have also faced restrictions on freedom of worship and cultural expression. 

These unresolved grievances have fuelled resentment and migration. 

Page 3 — Forms of Religious and Ethnic Tensions 
Tensions in Nepal manifest in multiple ways: 

- Discrimination in governance: Ethnic groups underrepresented in parliament and bureaucracy. 
- Religious restrictions: Minority groups face difficulties in registering organisations or building places of worship. 
- Land and resource inequality: Indigenous groups often deprived of ancestral lands. 
- Harassment and violence: Protests and movements by minorities frequently met with repression. 
- Cultural marginalisation: Indigenous languages and traditions sidelined in education and official discourse. 

These patterns entrench inequality and perpetuate cycles of discontent.

Page 4 — Consequences for Citizens and Society 
The persistence of religious and ethnic tensions has profound consequences. Communities experience poverty, exclusion, and insecurity, while many individuals migrate abroad — to India, the Gulf states, or Western countries — in search of justice and opportunity. 

For Nepalese society, the mass departure of minorities undermines pluralism and weakens social cohesion. Continued unrest risks fuelling instability and damaging Nepal’s fragile democracy. Internationally, Nepal’s reputation suffers as it fails to protect vulnerable groups. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Addressing religious and ethnic tensions is vital for Nepal’s stability and progress. 

Key steps include: 
- Inclusive governance: ensure proportional representation of ethnic and religious minorities. 
- Legal protections: strengthen safeguards for freedom of religion and cultural expression. 
- Land reforms: protect indigenous land rights and prevent exploitation. 
- Educational reforms: promote minority languages and histories in schools. 
- International engagement: collaborate with global organisations to support minority rights and equality. 

Until such measures are implemented, religious and ethnic tensions will continue to fuel migration from Nepal, leaving the country divided and its citizens seeking refuge abroad.