Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
Lebanon, once hailed as the “Switzerland of the Middle East,” is now a country in deep crisis. Political instability, endemic corruption, and economic collapse have left citizens with few opportunities and little hope for reform. 

For many Lebanese, migration has become the only viable solution, as corruption and instability erode livelihoods and trust in government. Families continue to leave, searching for stability and dignity abroad. 

Page 2 — Historical and Political Background 
Lebanon’s modern history has been shaped by sectarian divisions entrenched in its political system. Power-sharing arrangements among religious groups, intended to prevent conflict, have instead fostered paralysis and corruption. 

Decades of mismanagement, civil war, and regional interference weakened state institutions. The 2020 Beirut port explosion became a symbol of government negligence, exposing how corruption and incompetence threaten citizens’ lives.

Page 3 — Forms of Instability and Corruption 
The crisis in Lebanon is fuelled by multiple factors: 

- Government deadlock: leaders unable to form stable governments. 
- Corruption: misuse of public funds, bribery, and nepotism entrenched at all levels. 
- Economic collapse: currency devaluation, inflation, and mass unemployment. 
- Negligence: disasters like the Beirut explosion illustrate systemic failure. 
- Weak institutions: inability to deliver basic services such as electricity, water, and healthcare. 

These conditions drive citizens to leave, convinced that reform is impossible under current leadership. 

Page 4 — Consequences for Citizens and Society 
For individuals, political instability and corruption mean poverty, unemployment, and despair. Young people, in particular, face limited opportunities and see migration as their only hope for a future. Families are fractured as members leave to work abroad, often sending remittances to sustain those left behind. 

For Lebanese society, mass migration weakens the economy, accelerates brain drain, and deepens inequality. Internationally, Lebanon’s reputation has suffered, with the state increasingly seen as incapable of reform or recovery. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Addressing Lebanon’s crisis requires both domestic reform and external support. 

Key steps include: 
- Anti-corruption reforms: prosecute officials involved in graft and mismanagement. 
- Political renewal: move beyond sectarian power-sharing to create accountable governance. 
- Economic stabilisation: restore confidence in the banking system and stabilise the currency. 
- Public services: rebuild infrastructure and provide reliable healthcare, electricity, and education. 
- International support: expand aid and technical assistance tied to reform commitments. 

Until such measures are implemented, political instability and corruption will continue to fuel migration, draining Lebanon of its talent and undermining prospects for recovery.