Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
Nepal, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and transition to democracy, is facing rising political instability and human rights concerns. Frequent changes in government, weak institutions, and corruption have eroded trust in governance. 

At the same time, minority groups, activists, and dissenting voices face harassment and persecution. This climate of insecurity has led many Nepali citizens to migrate abroad, seeking safety, stability, and economic opportunity. 

Page 2 — Historical and Political Background 
Nepal’s modern history has been shaped by conflict and transition. The decade-long Maoist insurgency (1996–2006) left thousands dead and displaced. While the 2006 peace accord ended the war, the years that followed have been marked by fragile coalition governments and constitutional crises. 

Ethnic minorities, Dalits, women, and marginalised communities have struggled to secure equal rights in the political system. Critics of the government, including journalists and human rights defenders, continue to face harassment, reflecting limited protections for freedom of expression. 

This instability has made migration a long-standing feature of Nepal’s socio-political landscape. 

Page 3 — Forms of Persecution and Instability 
Nepali citizens face multiple forms of political instability and persecution: 

- Harassment of activists: Human rights defenders and journalists face threats and arbitrary arrests. 
- Ethnic discrimination: Marginalised groups excluded from political and economic participation. 
- Corruption: Governance failures limit access to justice and basic services. 
- Gender inequality: Women face barriers in property rights, education, and politics. 
- Weak institutions: Frequent government collapses hinder effective governance. 

These conditions foster insecurity and weaken public confidence in democracy. 

Page 4 — Consequences for Citizens and Society 
Political instability and persecution have profound consequences for Nepal. Many young people migrate to Gulf states, Malaysia, and India for work, while others seek asylum in Western countries due to persecution or lack of opportunities. 

This migration drains Nepal of skilled workers and disrupts families, while the economy becomes increasingly dependent on remittances. Social divisions deepen as marginalised groups remain excluded from governance and development. 

For democracy, instability undermines progress and leaves citizens disillusioned with political leaders. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Stability and protection of rights are essential for Nepal’s democratic future. 

Key steps include: 
- Strengthening democratic institutions: ensure stability in government and accountability. 
- Protecting human rights defenders: guarantee safety for activists, journalists, and minorities. 
- Addressing corruption: enforce transparency in governance and service delivery. 
- Promoting inclusion: empower ethnic minorities, Dalits, and women in politics and society. 
- International engagement: encourage global support for Nepal’s democratic reforms. 

Until such reforms are achieved, political instability and persecution will continue to drive migration from Nepal, weakening its democracy and society.