I. Introduction: Democracy Crushed 
Myanmar’s fragile democratic progress was abruptly shattered by the February 2021 military coup. The junta has since unleashed a sweeping campaign of repression against political dissidents, activists, and ordinary citizens who oppose its rule. For many, imprisonment or exile has become the only possible future. This relentless crackdown forces thousands of dissidents to risk their lives both at home and abroad in search of freedom. 

II. Arrests and Detentions 
Since the coup, tens of thousands of people have been arrested for participating in protests, criticising the regime online, or simply expressing support for democracy. Prominent politicians, student leaders, and human rights activists are frequently targeted. Detentions are often arbitrary, with little due process, leaving families in anguish and communities in fear. 

III. Torture and Harsh Prison Conditions 
Prison conditions for political detainees in Myanmar are notoriously harsh. Detainees report overcrowding, inadequate food, denial of medical care, and physical abuse. Torture is routinely used during interrogations to extract false confessions or intimidate dissidents into silence. These abuses highlight the junta’s determination to crush opposition at any cost. 

IV. Targeting of Political Leaders 
High-profile leaders of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and other opposition movements remain imprisoned or under house arrest. Aung San Suu Kyi, the country’s most recognisable political figure, faces a litany of charges designed to remove her permanently from political life. The imprisonment of such leaders symbolises the regime’s rejection of democratic governance. 

V. Suppression of Student Movements 
Student activists, often at the forefront of resistance movements, are among the most heavily persecuted. Universities have become hotbeds of surveillance, with students arrested for distributing pamphlets, organising rallies, or criticising the junta. Many are forced into hiding, while others flee abroad to continue their activism in exile. 

VI. Exile as a Form of Resistance 
For political dissidents unable to operate safely inside Myanmar, exile becomes the only option. Neighbouring countries such as Thailand and Malaysia host growing numbers of activists who continue to campaign against the junta. While exile offers relative safety, these dissidents live under constant fear of surveillance, deportation, or reprisals against their families back home. 

VII. Risks Abroad 
Even abroad, political dissidents face significant risks. Reports suggest that Myanmar’s security services monitor diaspora communities, attempting to intimidate activists or disrupt their activities. Asylum seekers also face precarious living conditions, with many lacking legal protections, employment opportunities, or access to healthcare. 

VIII. Families Under Pressure 
The junta frequently targets the families of dissidents, using harassment, arrests, or property confiscations as forms of collective punishment. This tactic is designed to deter activism by making the cost of dissent unbearable for entire households. 

IX. Human Rights Abuses Documented 
International human rights organisations have documented widespread violations against political dissidents, including unlawful killings, torture, and forced disappearances. Despite global condemnation, the junta continues its campaign with impunity, emboldened by geopolitical divisions that limit coordinated international action. 

X. International Advocacy and Diaspora Efforts 
Exiled Burmese dissidents play a vital role in drawing international attention to the junta’s crimes. Through lobbying, protests, and grassroots networks, they ensure that the plight of political prisoners remains visible. These efforts help keep international pressure alive, even if concrete action remains limited. 

XI. Migration and Asylum 
Asylum applications from Burmese citizens have surged since the coup. Many cite political persecution and fear of imprisonment as key reasons for leaving. Western nations, as well as regional neighbours, are increasingly called upon to provide safe refuge for those fleeing oppression. 

XII. Conclusion: Survival in Exile 
Political dissidents in Myanmar face a stark choice: imprisonment at home or an uncertain life in exile. The junta’s repression ensures that activism inside the country is fraught with peril, pushing many to continue their struggle from abroad. Until Myanmar restores democratic freedoms and accountability, the flight of dissidents will remain a tragic but necessary form of resistance.