I. Introduction: Silencing the Opposition 
In El Salvador, political dissent is increasingly met with repression, harassment, and persecution. The government’s efforts to consolidate power have eroded democratic freedoms, leaving critics of the state vulnerable to arrest, intimidation, or exile. This climate of persecution has sparked a growing exodus, as political dissidents flee abroad in search of safety and the ability to speak freely. 

II. Historical Legacy of Repression 
El Salvador’s history is marked by authoritarian rule and political violence, particularly during its brutal civil war (1980–1992). Although peace accords ushered in democratic reforms, the culture of silencing political opponents persisted. Today, the resurgence of authoritarian practices echoes this legacy, deepening fears among those who oppose the government. 

III. Harassment of Opposition Politicians 
Opposition leaders face systematic harassment, including surveillance, smear campaigns, and fabricated criminal charges. Some have been forced into exile after threats to their families intensified. The government’s use of state institutions to discredit and neutralise opponents undermines political pluralism and democratic accountability. 

IV. Criminalisation of Protest 
Protests against government corruption, economic hardship, or authoritarian practices are often met with violent repression. Security forces employ tear gas, rubber bullets, and arbitrary arrests to break up demonstrations. Participants risk detention under vague charges such as ‘terrorism’ or ‘incitement,’ further discouraging public dissent. 

V. Journalists and Civil Society Under Attack 
Independent journalists and civil society organisations are also targeted for exposing corruption and human rights abuses. Investigative reporters face threats, online harassment, and surveillance, while NGOs are subjected to restrictive regulations designed to weaken their influence. This assault on critical voices silences watchdogs essential for democracy.

VI. Violence Against Activists 
Human rights defenders and grassroots activists endure intimidation and physical attacks. Those advocating for indigenous rights, environmental protection, or labour justice are particularly vulnerable. Assassinations of activists, often carried out with impunity, send a chilling message that dissent is unwelcome and dangerous. 

VII. Judicial System as a Tool of Persecution 
The judiciary in El Salvador has increasingly been used to legitimise political persecution. Courts prosecute opposition members under trumped-up charges while ignoring abuses committed by government allies. This manipulation of the legal system undermines trust in justice and erodes democratic safeguards. 

VIII. State Surveillance and Intimidation 
Reports of sophisticated surveillance programmes targeting opposition figures and journalists have raised alarm. Spyware such as Pegasus has allegedly been used against critics of the government, compromising their safety and silencing their voices. Such practices represent a direct assault on privacy and political freedoms. 

IX. Collusion With Organised Crime 
Political dissidents who expose collusion between the government and organised crime groups face heightened risks. By unveiling secret negotiations or corruption linked to gangs, critics put themselves at the centre of a dangerous conflict. These revelations often result in harassment, threats, or exile. 

X. Migration as the Only Escape 
For many political dissidents, migration is the only option to ensure survival. Opposition leaders, journalists, and activists have sought asylum in the United States, Canada, and Europe, citing persecution and threats to their lives. Exile allows them to continue their work, but at the cost of leaving behind their communities and homeland. 

XI. Diaspora Advocacy 
Exiled Salvadorans play an essential role in exposing persecution and mobilising international support. They raise awareness about authoritarian practices, support asylum seekers, and pressure foreign governments to hold El Salvador accountable. This advocacy ensures that political repression remains in the global spotlight. 

XII. Conclusion: Democracy in Peril 
The persecution of political dissidents in El Salvador reflects the country’s slide toward authoritarianism. By silencing critics and criminalising dissent, the government undermines democratic principles and fuels mass migration. Until protections for free speech and political pluralism are restored, Salvadorans will continue to choose exile over persecution, seeking refuge in societies where their voices can be heard without fear.