Introduction and Context
Djibouti, a small but strategically important nation in the Horn of Africa, has been under the firm control of one political party for decades. The ruling People’s Rally for Progress (RPP) and President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh dominate the political landscape, leaving little room for genuine opposition. Elections, while formally held, are widely seen as neither free nor fair.

This concentration of power has stifled democracy, limiting political participation, silencing dissent, and undermining institutions meant to safeguard rights. This article examines the nature of Djibouti’s one-party dominance and its consequences for democracy.


Historical and Political Background
Since independence from France in 1977, Djibouti’s political system has been shaped by one-party dominance. Hassan Gouled Aptidon, the country’s first president, established the RPP as the ruling force. His successor, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, has remained in power since 1999, extending his rule through constitutional amendments that removed term limits.

Opposition parties exist in name but face heavy restrictions, including harassment, imprisonment of leaders, and limits on public gatherings. State-controlled media ensures that the government narrative dominates, leaving opposition voices unheard.


Elections and Repression
While Djibouti regularly holds elections, they are marked by widespread irregularities. The ruling party controls electoral commissions, and security forces intimidate opposition supporters.

Independent observers have often questioned the legitimacy of results, pointing to low turnout, boycotts by opposition parties, and the absence of meaningful competition. Journalists and civil society groups who highlight electoral abuses risk censorship or arrest.

This system ensures the ruling elite’s grip on power while giving the appearance of democracy to international partners.


Consequences for Democracy and Society
The lack of political pluralism has serious consequences. Citizens are denied meaningful representation, and corruption thrives in the absence of accountability. Public institutions, rather than serving the people, are often used to entrench the ruling party’s power.

Civil society remains weak, with activists facing harassment and exile. Young people, frustrated by the lack of opportunities and voice in governance, increasingly look abroad for better futures.

Internationally, Djibouti’s reputation as a host for foreign military bases and trade hubs overshadows its democratic deficits, allowing the regime to avoid serious pressure for reform.


Reform and Conclusion
For democracy to take root in Djibouti, significant reforms are required. Genuine political pluralism must be introduced, and opposition parties must be allowed to operate freely.

Key steps include:
- Restoring term limits: prevent indefinite rule by the same leader.
- Electoral reform: establish independent electoral commissions and ensure fair competition.
- Media freedom: allow independent journalism and access to diverse information.
- Civil society empowerment: protect activists and NGOs advocating for reform.
- International accountability: encourage partners to prioritise democracy alongside security interests.

Until these reforms are enacted, Djibouti will remain trapped in one-party rule, with its people denied the democratic freedoms they deserve.