Introduction: A Nation Without Liberty
Turkmenistan remains one of the most authoritarian states in the world, where citizens are denied even the most basic civil and political freedoms. Freedom of expression, assembly, association, and political participation are tightly controlled by the government, leaving no space for dissent or independent thought. In such an environment, many Turkmen citizens see migration as the only way to secure dignity, opportunity, and fundamental freedoms.


Historical Roots of Repression
Since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by authoritarian leaders who have systematically concentrated power. Saparmurat Niyazov established a cult of personality that eliminated civil liberties, and his successor, Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov, continued these practices. Today, under Serdar Berdymukhamedov, little has changed, and repression remains the cornerstone of governance.


Lack of Freedom of Expression
Freedom of expression is virtually non-existent in Turkmenistan. Criticism of the government is treated as a crime, with journalists, writers, and citizens punished for dissenting views. State-controlled media dominate the information space, and the internet is heavily censored and monitored by security services.


Restrictions on Freedom of Assembly
Peaceful assembly is banned, and demonstrations are met with swift repression. Authorities deny permits for protests and arrest those who attempt to gather, even for non-political causes. This prevents citizens from voicing grievances and stifles civic participation.


Control Over Civil Society
Civil society organisations are tightly restricted. Independent NGOs face impossible registration requirements, and those that manage to operate are subject to surveillance and harassment. Human rights groups are banned outright, silencing domestic advocacy efforts.


Absence of Political Competition
Elections in Turkmenistan are tightly controlled, with only pro-government parties allowed to participate. Political opposition is banned, and citizens have no genuine choice in leadership. The government uses these staged elections to maintain the appearance of legitimacy while denying real political freedoms.


Surveillance and Fear
A pervasive system of surveillance ensures that citizens are constantly monitored. Security services keep tabs on phone calls, internet activity, and even personal conversations. This environment of fear forces people into silence, knowing that any criticism could lead to severe punishment.


Repression of Religious and Ethnic Minorities
Religious and ethnic minorities face additional layers of repression. Unregistered religious groups are raided and banned, while minority ethnic communities are marginalised in political and social life. These groups are particularly vulnerable to persecution and exclusion.


Social Impact of Repression
The absence of freedoms has eroded trust between citizens and the state. Many avoid political engagement altogether, contributing to widespread apathy and disillusionment. Young people, in particular, feel excluded from shaping their future, leading them to seek opportunities abroad.


Migration as an Escape
For many Turkmen citizens, migration is the only way to reclaim basic freedoms. Abroad, they can speak freely, engage in activism, and live without constant surveillance. Diaspora communities play an important role in amplifying the voices of those silenced at home and keeping international attention on Turkmenistan’s repression.


International Criticism
Human rights organisations and watchdogs such as Freedom House consistently rank Turkmenistan as ‘not free.’ Despite international criticism, the government resists reforms, relying on its isolation and control over natural resources to shield itself from pressure.


Conclusion: Liberty Abroad, Silence at Home
With civil and political freedoms virtually absent, Turkmenistan continues to drive its citizens abroad. For those who remain, silence is enforced through fear, while those who flee find liberty and dignity in exile. Until genuine reforms are enacted, migration will remain a defining feature of Turkmenistan’s repressive reality.