I. Introduction: Rights Under Threat
Mongolia, once regarded as a beacon of democratic progress in Central Asia, is increasingly criticised for its deteriorating human rights record. Citizens face restrictions on freedoms of speech, assembly, and political participation, while corruption and weak institutions leave violations largely unpunished. These conditions contribute to rising levels of migration, as Mongolians seek justice, equality, and opportunity abroad.

II. Erosion of Civil Liberties
Although Mongolia’s constitution guarantees fundamental rights, these protections are undermined by restrictive laws and government practices. Critics of the government are often targeted through defamation lawsuits, arbitrary arrests, or harassment, creating a chilling effect on free expression.

III. Suppression of Protest and Assembly
Peaceful demonstrations are increasingly met with heavy-handed responses from authorities. Protesters demanding accountability for corruption or environmental mismanagement have been dispersed violently, with organisers facing intimidation and legal charges. This suppression undermines the right to collective action and weakens democratic participation.

IV. Discrimination Against Marginalised Groups
Ethnic minorities, women, and rural populations often face systemic discrimination. Gender-based violence and underrepresentation of women in politics persist, while minority groups encounter barriers to education and employment. These inequalities fuel frustration and drive some to seek fairer treatment abroad.

V. Media Under Pressure
Independent journalism, once a hallmark of Mongolia’s democratic progress, is under siege. Journalists who expose corruption or abuse of power face lawsuits, threats, and censorship. The erosion of media freedom deprives citizens of objective information and undermines accountability.

VI. Arbitrary Use of the Law
Authorities increasingly weaponise legal frameworks to silence dissent. Vague charges such as ‘spreading false information’ or ‘inciting unrest’ are used against activists, journalists, and political opponents. These practices normalise repression under the guise of legality.

VII. Corruption and Lack of Accountability
Corruption within law enforcement and the judiciary undermines access to justice. Victims of abuse or discrimination often find little recourse, as elites manipulate institutions to protect themselves. This lack of accountability deepens mistrust in governance and motivates migration.

VIII. Rural Hardship and Neglect
Rural communities bear a disproportionate burden of rights violations. Displacement from mining projects, lack of healthcare, and limited education opportunities leave rural citizens especially vulnerable. Many migrate to urban centres or abroad in search of stability and justice.

IX. Youth Disillusionment
Young Mongolians are particularly frustrated by shrinking freedoms and lack of opportunities. Facing unemployment, political repression, and restrictions on activism, many see migration as their only path to a better future.

X. Gender and Human Rights
Women face persistent rights violations, including domestic violence, workplace discrimination, and underrepresentation in leadership. Despite legal protections, enforcement remains weak, leaving women vulnerable and often prompting migration in search of safety and equality.

XI. Migration as a Form of Resistance
For many Mongolians, leaving the country is not only about economic opportunity but also about escaping rights violations. Asylum seekers frequently cite political persecution, discrimination, and lack of freedoms in their applications. Migration thus becomes both survival and protest against a system that denies basic rights.

XII. Conclusion: Rights Deferred, Freedom Sought
Human rights violations in Mongolia undermine its democratic reputation and fuel a steady outflow of citizens. Until reforms strengthen civil liberties, protect vulnerable groups, and
enforce accountability, migration will remain an essential escape route. The resilience of Mongolians abroad, however, ensures that calls for rights and justice continue to echo beyond the country’s borders.