I. Introduction: A Nation in Crisis
Myanmar, also known as Burma, is experiencing one of the gravest human rights crises in modern times. The military junta that seized power in February 2021 has unleashed a campaign of violence and repression, compounding decades of ethnic conflict and authoritarian rule. For millions of Burmese citizens, daily life has become synonymous with fear, persecution, and injustice. As a result, migration and asylum-seeking are no longer choices but urgent necessities.

II. Systematic Political Repression
The military regime governs through fear, silencing all opposition voices. Pro-democracy activists, journalists, and civil society leaders are routinely arrested, tortured, and sentenced in sham trials. Peaceful demonstrations are crushed with live ammunition, leaving thousands dead or injured. The suppression of fundamental freedoms is a primary driver of the Burmese exodus.

III. Arbitrary Detention and Torture
Arbitrary arrests are widespread, with citizens detained for social media posts, peaceful protests, or perceived disloyalty. Prison conditions are harsh, with reports of torture, sexual violence, and denial of medical care. Families of detainees face harassment and extortion, extending the suffering beyond individuals to entire communities.

IV. Ethnic Conflicts and Minority Persecution
Ethnic minority groups—including the Rohingya, Kachin, Karen, and Shan—continue to endure targeted violence. Entire villages are burned, crops destroyed, and civilians killed or displaced in military offensives. The Rohingya, in particular, face statelessness and ongoing persecution, forcing many to flee across borders into precarious refugee camps.

V. Suppression of Religious Freedom
Religious minorities are frequent targets of the military’s repression. Churches and mosques have been destroyed, and religious leaders detained for supporting resistance movements or providing aid to civilians. Independent religious groups outside state control face surveillance and harassment, undermining freedom of belief.

VI. Gender-Based Violence
Women and girls are especially vulnerable under the junta’s rule. Reports of sexual violence as a weapon of war are widespread, with survivors subjected to lifelong trauma and stigma. Gender inequality is exacerbated by repression, leaving women with few avenues for protection or justice.

VII. Child Soldiers and Youth Repression
Children continue to be recruited into armed groups, including the military. Many are forced into combat roles or subjected to exploitation, robbing them of education and safety. Young people, often at the forefront of pro-democracy protests, face disproportionate repression, driving many to flee abroad.

VIII. Destruction of Civil Society
Civil society organisations, NGOs, and independent charities have been systematically dismantled. Humanitarian actors face severe restrictions, preventing aid from reaching communities most in need. This collapse of civil institutions has deepened the humanitarian crisis and worsened the conditions driving migration.

IX. Surveillance and Lack of Privacy
The military regime has expanded surveillance, monitoring phone calls, social media, and community gatherings. Citizens live under constant watch, with little privacy or safety from the state’s reach. This climate of fear strips people of agency and compels many to escape abroad.

X. Economic Hardship and Forced Displacement
Human rights violations are compounded by economic collapse. Forced displacement due to land seizures, military offensives, and lack of livelihood opportunities drives entire families to flee. Refugee camps across neighbouring countries bear witness to this humanitarian catastrophe.

XI. International Condemnation and Inaction
While the international community has condemned Myanmar’s human rights violations, concrete action remains limited. Sanctions and diplomatic pressure have failed to halt the junta’s repression, leaving civilians with little hope for change. As a result, many feel compelled to seek safety beyond Myanmar’s borders.

XII. Conclusion: Flight as Survival
Human rights violations in Myanmar permeate every aspect of daily life, from political repression to ethnic persecution. Faced with violence, statelessness, and injustice, millions of Burmese citizens are left with no choice but to flee. Until genuine reforms and accountability emerge, migration will remain both a survival strategy and a symbol of resistance to tyranny.