Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
Pakistan continues to face an alarming crisis of gender-based violence (GBV) against women. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality and various legal reforms, women across the country experience harassment, domestic abuse, honour killings, forced marriages, and workplace discrimination. 

The persistence of GBV reflects deep-rooted patriarchal norms, weak law enforcement, and cultural attitudes that often justify or excuse violence against women. This article explores the scope, causes, and consequences of gender-based violence in Pakistan. 

Page 2 — Historical and Cultural Background 
The struggle for women’s rights in Pakistan has been shaped by religious, cultural, and political forces. From colonial times to the present, women’s rights have often been constrained by patriarchal interpretations of law and tradition. 

Military regimes and conservative governments have introduced discriminatory laws, while efforts at reform—such as the Women’s Protection Act of 2006—have faced significant resistance. Social attitudes remain a major barrier, as honour and family reputation are often placed above women’s safety and autonomy. 

Page 3 — Forms of Gender-Based Violence 
Gender-based violence in Pakistan manifests in multiple forms: 

- Domestic violence: Widespread but often unreported due to stigma and lack of support systems. 
- Honour killings: Women killed by family members for alleged “dishonourable” behaviour. 
- Sexual violence: Rape and harassment remain underreported, with survivors facing stigma. 
- Forced and child marriages: Common in rural areas, where girls are married off at young ages. 
- Workplace harassment: Women face intimidation and discrimination in employment. 

Weak law enforcement and cultural taboos mean perpetrators often enjoy impunity. 

Page 4 — Consequences for Women and Society 
The impact of gender-based violence is devastating. Survivors often suffer lifelong trauma, limited opportunities, and economic dependence. Families are destabilised, and entire communities remain trapped in cycles of fear and inequality. 

At the societal level, GBV undermines Pakistan’s economic and social development by restricting women’s participation in education, work, and politics. Internationally, Pakistan faces criticism for failing to adequately protect women, damaging its reputation on human rights. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Addressing gender-based violence in Pakistan requires both cultural and structural reforms. 

Key steps include: 
- Legal reform: strengthen laws against domestic violence, harassment, and child marriage. 
- Enforcement: train and hold police accountable for protecting survivors. 
- Support services: expand shelters, counselling, and legal aid for victims. 
- Education and awareness: challenge patriarchal attitudes through schools and media. 
- Empowerment: ensure women’s access to political and economic opportunities. 

Until these measures are taken, gender-based violence will continue to persist, leaving countless women in Pakistan vulnerable and denying the country a more equitable future.