I. Introduction: Marginalised Communities in a Closed State 
North Korea is frequently described as one of the most ethnically homogeneous countries in the world, yet within its rigidly controlled borders live minorities who experience severe discrimination and persecution. Ethnic minorities, such as those with partial Chinese heritage, and religious communities—especially Christians— are regarded with deep suspicion by the state. Their marginalisation is compounded by the regime’s authoritarian rule, which denies freedom of identity, belief, and association. This oppressive environment drives many to seek safety abroad, even at the risk of imprisonment or death. 

II. The Myth of Ethnic Homogeneity 
The North Korean regime promotes the idea of a pure Korean identity as central to its nationalist ideology. Individuals of mixed heritage, particularly those with Chinese backgrounds, are subjected to discrimination in education, employment, and political opportunities. This exclusion reinforces the state’s narrative of ethnic purity, while stigmatising and marginalising minority families. 

III. Religious Persecution as State Policy 
North Korea is officially atheist, with the Kim family cult of personality functioning as the state’s only sanctioned form of spiritual authority. Religious practice outside of state control is outlawed. Christians, Buddhists, and other religious believers face imprisonment, torture, or execution for their faith. Possessing a Bible, attending an underground church, or teaching religion to children is considered a crime against the state. 

IV. Targeting of Christians 
Christians are especially targeted, with entire families arrested for practising their faith. Testimonies from defectors describe believers being executed or sent to political prison camps, where they endure forced labour and torture. The regime regards Christianity as a threat to loyalty toward the Kim dynasty, associating it with foreign influence and subversion. 

V. Suppression of Buddhism and Shamanism 
Buddhism and traditional shamanistic practices, once widespread on the Korean peninsula, are also repressed. Temples are often co-opted as propaganda tools, stripped of genuine spiritual significance, and monitored closely by the state. Practitioners who attempt to maintain traditions in private face persecution similar to Christians and other religious minorities. 

VI. Ethnic Minorities and Discrimination 
Ethnic minorities, particularly children born to North Korean mothers and Chinese fathers, suffer systemic discrimination. They are denied access to higher education and restricted from positions of influence. Many families attempt to flee in hopes of escaping a society that excludes them from opportunities available to ethnically ‘pure’ citizens. 

VII. Forced Repatriation of Minorities 
Many ethnic and religious minorities who escape to China face the additional burden of forced repatriation. Upon return, they are subjected to harsher punishments, as the regime views their foreign connections as evidence of disloyalty. This risk further incentivises minorities to seek asylum in countries where they might find protection. 

VIII. Surveillance and Collective Punishment 
Religious and ethnic minorities live under constant surveillance, with informants reporting their activities to state authorities. The policy of collective punishment ensures that entire families, including children, are persecuted for an individual’s faith or heritage. This creates a climate of fear and desperation, leading many families to consider escape despite the dangers. 

IX. The Gendered Dimension of Minority Persecution 
Women from minority communities face specific forms of persecution. Reports indicate forced marriages, sexual violence, and trafficking during attempts to flee to China. Female defectors often recount targeted discrimination for both their gender and their minority status. 

X. International Responses and Advocacy 
International organisations have documented the plight of minorities in North Korea, with the United Nations labelling abuses against them as potential crimes against humanity. Despite global condemnation, limited access to the country makes accountability difficult. Advocacy by defectors remains one of the few channels for raising awareness of minority persecution. 

XI. Migration as a Necessity for Survival 
For minorities, migration is not merely a choice but a necessity for survival. Religious believers, mixed-heritage families, and persecuted individuals seek asylum in South Korea, the United States, and other countries where they can practice their faith and live without discrimination. Their journeys highlight the extremes of oppression in North Korea and the lengths to which people will go to secure basic rights. 

XII. Conclusion: Identity and Faith Under Siege 
Ethnic and religious minorities in North Korea face some of the harshest persecution in the world. Denied their rights to identity, belief, and equality, they live under constant fear of punishment. Until North Korea recognises the humanity of these groups, migration will remain both a form of survival and a powerful testimony against the regime’s brutality.