Introduction and Context
Ethiopia, once hailed as a rising democracy in Africa, has in recent years tightened restrictions on press freedom. Journalists, media outlets, and independent voices face increasing harassment, arbitrary arrests, and censorship under state crackdowns. Authorities justify these actions in the name of national security and stability, but the result has been the silencing of critical voices and the erosion of public trust.

This article examines how journalists in Ethiopia are being silenced, the tactics used by the state, and the implications for freedom of expression and democratic development.


Historical and Political Background
Press freedom in Ethiopia has long been fragile. During previous governments, censorship was widespread, but hopes of reform briefly flourished after Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed came to power in 2018. Independent journalists were released, banned outlets were allowed to reopen, and optimism spread.

However, as political unrest deepened and the Tigray conflict erupted in 2020, the government increasingly turned to repression. Laws against hate speech and disinformation were introduced but often applied selectively to silence critics. This marked a return to restrictive practices that had defined earlier regimes.


Crackdowns and Harassment
Journalists face multiple forms of repression. Arrests without charge are common, often justified under vague accusations of incitement or terrorism. Media outlets critical of the government are shut down or denied licences, and reporters risk harassment both online and offline.

Independent voices covering sensitive issues — such as ethnic violence, corruption, or military abuses — are especially vulnerable. Foreign journalists have also faced expulsion or restrictions on access, further limiting scrutiny.

This climate of intimidation has led many reporters to practise self-censorship, undermining the role of the press as a watchdog.


Consequences for Democracy and Society
The silencing of journalists has profound consequences for Ethiopia’s democracy and society. Without independent reporting, the public is left with limited access to reliable information. Propaganda and misinformation flourish, while corruption and abuse go unchecked.

Civil society is also weakened, as activists and human rights defenders rely on media coverage to amplify their causes. International perceptions of Ethiopia have suffered, as restrictions on the press raise concerns about the government’s commitment to democratic principles.

The erosion of press freedom deepens polarisation, as communities lack trusted platforms to express grievances peacefully.


Protection, Reform, and Conclusion
Safeguarding press freedom in Ethiopia is essential for rebuilding trust, accountability, and democracy. Journalists must be able to work without fear of harassment or imprisonment.

Key steps include:
- Legal reform: revise laws on hate speech and terrorism to prevent misuse against journalists.
- Independent institutions: establish credible media councils to regulate responsibly without political interference.
- Accountability: investigate and prosecute attacks on journalists and media outlets.
- Support for journalists: provide resources, safety training, and protection networks.
- International solidarity: pressure the Ethiopian government to uphold its human rights obligations.

Until Ethiopia protects press freedom, its democratic transition will remain incomplete. A free and independent press is vital not only for accountability but also for building a society where truth and justice can thrive.