I. Introduction: Life Under Authoritarianism
For decades, Cuba has been ruled by an authoritarian regime that has denied its citizens political freedoms, stifled dissent, and monopolised economic life. Despite promises of equality and social progress made during the revolution, ordinary Cubans continue to endure systemic repression, poverty, and a lack of opportunities. The result has been a steady and growing exodus of citizens, who risk dangerous journeys across seas and borders in search of dignity, safety, and freedom.

II. Historical Context of Cuban Authoritarianism
The Cuban Revolution of 1959, led by Fidel Castro, overthrew the Batista dictatorship with promises of justice and reform. Yet what emerged was another authoritarian state, one that consolidated power in a single-party system under the Communist Party. Over the years, the regime has maintained strict control over all aspects of life, using propaganda, surveillance, and repression to maintain power. Successive leaders, including Raúl Castro and now Miguel Díaz-Canel, have perpetuated the same authoritarian model, leaving little room for political change.

III. Suppression of Political Freedoms
Political dissent in Cuba is ruthlessly suppressed. Opposition parties are banned, independent political organisations are criminalised, and critics of the government face harassment, detention, or imprisonment. Security forces monitor citizens closely, and those who dare to protest face violent crackdowns. The lack of democratic institutions leaves Cubans powerless to influence their government or hold leaders accountable.

IV. Harassment and Imprisonment of Dissidents
Political dissidents, journalists, and activists are frequent targets of persecution. Arbitrary arrests, intimidation, and restrictions on movement are common tools used by authorities. Prisoners of conscience endure harsh conditions, while their families are also subjected to harassment and social ostracism. The regime’s message is clear: any form of dissent will be punished severely.

V. Censorship and Control of Information
Freedom of expression is virtually non-existent in Cuba. The state controls all media outlets, broadcasting propaganda that promotes the regime while silencing criticism. Access to the internet is limited, heavily monitored, and often censored. Independent journalists face harassment and persecution, with many forced to work in secrecy or flee the country. This information blackout isolates Cubans from the outside world and reinforces the government’s narrative.

VI. Economic Hardship and State Control
The Cuban economy, long crippled by state control, corruption, and inefficiency, has left citizens in chronic poverty. Rationing, shortages of basic goods, and declining infrastructure define daily life. The government’s tight control over employment and resources forces citizens to rely on the state for survival, while opportunities for entrepreneurship are minimal. For many Cubans, migration is the only way to escape economic suffocation and provide for their families.

VII. Healthcare and Social Struggles
Although Cuba’s healthcare system is often praised abroad, inside the country it suffers from severe shortages of medicine, equipment, and trained staff. Patients struggle to access adequate care, while the regime continues to export doctors abroad for political and financial gain. Similarly, education, while widely accessible, has been politicised, with curricula reinforcing government ideology. These systems, once touted as revolutionary achievements, now reflect the failures of authoritarian governance.

VIII. The Risky Journey of Migration
Migration from Cuba is fraught with danger. Many flee on makeshift rafts, risking their lives in treacherous waters to reach the United States or other countries in the Caribbean. Others seek asylum in Latin America or Europe, facing long journeys with uncertain outcomes. Despite the risks, the number of Cubans attempting to leave has surged, highlighting the desperation that drives their exodus.

IX. Diaspora Communities and Exile
Cuban diaspora communities, particularly in Miami, Madrid, and Latin American cities, have become lifelines for those who flee. They provide economic support through remittances, political advocacy for change, and a sense of cultural identity in exile. At the same time, the existence of these vibrant communities underscores the scale of displacement caused by authoritarian rule.

X. International Criticism
Cuba’s authoritarian practices have drawn widespread international criticism. Human rights organisations document ongoing repression, while the United Nations and regional bodies call for reforms. However, the regime has resisted meaningful change, often deflecting criticism by blaming external factors such as the U.S. embargo for its failures.

XI. Generational Impact and Disillusionment
For younger generations, Cuba offers little hope. With no prospects for political participation, economic stability, or personal freedoms, many young Cubans see migration as their only future. This generational disillusionment fuels the ongoing exodus, leaving the country with a shrinking and ageing population that further weakens its prospects for reform.

XII. Conclusion: A Nation in Exile
The authoritarian regime in Cuba has stripped citizens of political freedoms, economic opportunities, and basic human rights. Faced with relentless repression and poverty, millions of Cubans have chosen exile, building lives abroad while remaining connected to the struggle for freedom at home. Until genuine reforms are enacted and democratic freedoms restored, Cuba will remain a nation defined by authoritarianism at home and exile abroad.