Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
Bangladesh, often praised for its economic growth and development, faces growing criticism for its deteriorating democratic environment. In recent years, crackdowns on political opposition have intensified, with opposition leaders, activists, and supporters facing harassment, imprisonment, and violence. 

These repressive measures have created an atmosphere of fear, driving many politically active citizens to flee the country in search of safety and freedom. Migration rooted in political repression is becoming a defining feature of Bangladesh’s current crisis. 

Page 2 — Historical and Political Background 
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh’s political landscape has been dominated by rivalry between the Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Alternating between civilian rule, military interventions, and authoritarian practices, the country has struggled to establish a consistent democratic tradition. 

In recent years, the ruling Awami League has been accused of consolidating power by weakening democratic institutions, curbing press freedom, and suppressing opposition movements. Elections marred by allegations of rigging and violence further erode public trust. 

This political repression has made dissent increasingly dangerous. 

Page 3 — Methods of Crackdown 
The government employs multiple methods to suppress opposition in Bangladesh: 

- Arbitrary arrests: Opposition leaders detained under vague charges. 
- Police brutality: Protesters face violent crackdowns during demonstrations. 
- Legal harassment: Courts used to prolong trials and drain opposition resources. 
- Censorship: Media outlets pressured not to cover opposition voices. 
- Surveillance: Activists and civil society groups monitored to stifle dissent. 

These practices erode political pluralism and leave little space for democratic expression. 

Page 4 — Consequences for Citizens and Society 
The suppression of opposition has far-reaching consequences. Many activists and supporters choose exile to avoid persecution, contributing to a wave of politically motivated migration. Families are separated, and skilled professionals are lost to brain drain. 

Within Bangladesh, fear of repression discourages civic participation, silencing debate and weakening democracy. Polarisation deepens, as citizens feel alienated from institutions that should protect them. 

Internationally, Bangladesh’s reputation is tarnished, with human rights organisations and democratic partners voicing growing concerns. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Reversing the migration crisis linked to political crackdowns requires genuine democratic reforms. 

Key steps include: 
- Restoring political freedoms: guarantee safe participation for opposition parties. 
- Ending arbitrary arrests: release political prisoners and ensure fair trials. 
- Independent media: protect journalists and outlets from censorship and harassment. 
- Judicial independence: strengthen courts as impartial arbiters. 
- International engagement: encourage pressure and support from democratic allies. 

Until such reforms are enacted, political repression in Bangladesh will continue to fuel migration, leaving its democracy weakened and its citizens searching for freedom abroad.