Introduction: Corruption as a Way of Life
Kazakhstan, despite its vast natural resources and growing international profile, remains plagued by systemic corruption and entrenched authoritarian rule. The fusion of political and economic power in the hands of a small elite undermines transparency, weakens institutions, and fuels inequality. For ordinary citizens, corruption permeates daily life, while authoritarian governance silences dissent. Frustrated by limited opportunities and political repression, many Kazakhstanis choose to migrate in search of fairness, dignity, and justice abroad.


Historical Roots of Corruption
Corruption in Kazakhstan has deep roots in the Soviet system, where patronage and informal networks were essential to survival. After independence, these networks evolved into a system of oligarchic control, with state resources concentrated among political elites and their allies. This system remains intact today, with loyalty rewarded through access to wealth and privilege.


Concentration of Power
The presidency dominates Kazakhstan’s political system, with limited checks and balances. For decades, Nursultan Nazarbayev and his successor Kassym-Jomart Tokayev have maintained tight control, ensuring that power is concentrated in the executive branch. This centralisation enables corruption to flourish, as political loyalty often matters more than merit or accountability.


Everyday Corruption
For ordinary citizens, corruption is a daily obstacle. Bribes are often required for access to healthcare, education, and public services. This disproportionately harms poorer households, reinforcing cycles of inequality and exclusion.

Oligarchic Control of the Economy
Kazakhstan’s economy is dominated by oligarchs with close ties to political elites. Privatisation of state assets has enriched a small group of families while leaving much of the population struggling. This concentration of wealth exacerbates social divisions and fuels resentment among ordinary citizens.


Weak Rule of Law
The judiciary in Kazakhstan is heavily influenced by the executive branch, with little independence. Courts often protect elite interests while ignoring corruption cases involving powerful figures. Ordinary citizens rarely receive justice, reinforcing public distrust in the legal system.


Authoritarian Governance
Political opposition is systematically repressed, with opposition leaders jailed, exiled, or harassed. Freedom of speech and assembly is tightly restricted, while civil society organisations face legal and political obstacles. This authoritarian environment ensures that corruption remains unchecked and that citizens have no avenue for reform.


Public Anger and Protests
Public frustration with corruption and authoritarianism frequently sparks protests. However, demonstrations are often met with police violence, mass arrests, and censorship. The state’s refusal to address grievances deepens disillusionment and encourages more citizens to consider emigration.


Impact on Youth and Professionals
Young people and skilled professionals are among the most likely to migrate. Frustrated by nepotism, limited opportunities, and political repression, they seek fairer environments abroad. This brain drain weakens Kazakhstan’s long-term development and undermines its international competitiveness.


Migration as a Form of Protest
For many Kazakhstanis, migration is not just about economic opportunity but also about rejecting authoritarian governance. Leaving the country becomes a form of protest against systemic injustice, as exiled citizens continue to call for reform and accountability from abroad.


International Reactions
International organisations consistently highlight Kazakhstan’s corruption and authoritarian governance. Transparency International ranks the country poorly for corruption, while Freedom House categorises it as ‘not free.’ Despite these criticisms, Kazakhstan’s strategic importance and energy resources often limit external pressure for reform.


Conclusion: Escaping a Corrupt System
Corruption and authoritarian governance in Kazakhstan continue to drive citizens abroad, seeking fairness and dignity unavailable at home. Until the government dismantles entrenched patronage networks, strengthens institutions, and protects political freedoms, migration will remain both a lifeline and a silent protest against a corrupt system.