Introduction and Context
Kenya has long been praised for its vibrant civil society and relatively independent media, both of which play critical roles in promoting democracy and accountability. However, in recent years, there has been a troubling increase in harassment of journalists and civil society organisations (CSOs) by state authorities.

This harassment—ranging from intimidation and arbitrary arrests to restrictions on funding—has raised alarm about shrinking civic space and press freedom in the country.


Historical and Political Background
Civil society organisations and journalists in Kenya have often been at the forefront of political reform, human rights advocacy, and anti-corruption campaigns. During the struggle for multi-party democracy in the 1990s, their activism was instrumental in pushing back against authoritarianism.

Despite constitutional reforms in 2010 that expanded freedoms of expression and association, successive governments have continued to treat critical voices with suspicion. Periods of political tension, especially around elections, have seen heightened crackdowns on activists and reporters.


Methods of Harassment
The state employs several tactics to suppress civil society and journalists in Kenya:

- Intimidation and arrests: Reporters investigating corruption or human rights abuses are detained or threatened.
- Restrictive laws: Regulations on NGOs impose burdensome requirements, particularly regarding foreign funding.
- Censorship: Media outlets face fines or shutdowns for critical coverage of government officials.
- Surveillance: Journalists and activists are monitored, undermining their ability to work freely.
- Violence: Some face physical attacks, often with little accountability for perpetrators.

These practices have created a climate of fear that undermines civic participation.


Consequences for Democracy and Society
The harassment of civil society and journalists weakens Kenya’s democratic foundations. Without independent media, citizens are denied reliable information and cannot hold leaders accountable. Civil society groups, meanwhile, are prevented from effectively advocating for marginalised communities.

This shrinking civic space also discourages young activists, undermines public trust, and fuels disillusionment with democratic processes. Internationally, Kenya’s reputation as a regional leader in democracy and human rights is at risk.


Solutions and Conclusion
Protecting civic space and media freedom in Kenya is essential for democracy to thrive.

Key steps include:
- Legal reform: repeal restrictive NGO and media laws.
- Protection of journalists: ensure safety and end impunity for attacks.
- Funding freedom: allow civil society organisations to access resources without unnecessary restrictions.
- Independent regulation: prevent state capture of media and civic oversight bodies.
- International solidarity: encourage global partners to support Kenyan civil society and press freedom.

Unless urgent reforms are enacted, civil society and journalists in Kenya will continue to face harassment, undermining accountability and eroding democratic progress.