London, United Kingdom
Analysis by Convention ground: race, religion, nationality, political opinion and particular social group, with country evidence for asylum cases.
A sur place asylum claim comes from a person who was safe when they left home but would...
Sep 28, 2026
Internal relocation (sometimes called "internal protection alternative" or "internal flight alternative") is the principle that if an applicant...
May 25, 2026
The 1951 Refugee Convention does not specify who must be the persecutor. UNHCR Handbook paragraph 65 makes clear...
May 24, 2026
Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention includes "membership of a particular social group" among the five protected...
Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee as any person who "owing to well-founded fear...
The internal relocation doctrine arises where the applicant fears persecution in one part of their country but could...
The well-founded fear test has two elements. First, the subjective element: the applicant must actually be afraid of...
The UNHCR Handbook §94 defines a sur place refugee as someone who "becomes a refugee 'sur place' as...
The 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee as a person fearing persecution "for reasons of" one of the...
UNHCR's 2002 Guidelines provide two complementary approaches to PSG definition. The "protected characteristics" approach treats a group as...
Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention defines a refugee as a person who, "owing to well-founded fear of...
Four legal sources together form the framework for non-state actor claims. Together, they make clear that asylum law...
