Page 1 — Introduction and Context 
Bhutan, often celebrated internationally for its “Gross National Happiness” model, conceals a reality of curtailed freedoms for many of its citizens. Restrictions on free speech, political dissent, and religious practice have created an atmosphere of fear and exclusion. 

As a result, many Bhutanese have chosen to flee their homeland, seeking safety and liberty abroad. Their exodus reflects the widening gap between Bhutan’s global image and its domestic realities. 

Page 2 — Historical and Political Background 
Bhutan’s history of restricting civil liberties is rooted in its policies of cultural assimilation and political control. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the “One Nation, One People” campaign forced Nepali-speaking Lhotshampa communities to conform or face expulsion, resulting in mass displacement. 

Democratic reforms in 2008 brought hope for change, yet many freedoms remain constrained. Political dissent is tightly controlled, and civil society organisations face significant barriers. Minority groups, meanwhile, continue to experience restrictions on cultural and religious expression. 

Page 3 — Forms of Suppression of Civil Liberties 
Civil liberties in Bhutan are suppressed in several ways: 

- Political repression: imprisonment or harassment of opposition activists. 
- Censorship: media outlets pressured to avoid sensitive issues. 
- Restrictions on religion: minorities face difficulties practising faiths freely. 
- Discrimination: minorities marginalised in education, employment, and politics. 
- Surveillance: activists and dissenting voices monitored and intimidated. 

These systemic practices leave citizens without avenues to express grievances peacefully. 

Page 4 — Consequences for Citizens and Society 
For individuals, suppression means fear, insecurity, and limited opportunities. Many Bhutanese, especially from minority communities, have sought asylum abroad, leaving behind homes and livelihoods. Families are divided, and communities fractured. 

For Bhutan as a whole, repression undermines democracy and pluralism. It weakens the legitimacy of its institutions and tarnishes the country’s reputation as a model of harmony. The continued exodus also results in a loss of talent and trust in governance. 

Page 5 — Solutions and Conclusion 
Protecting civil liberties is essential for Bhutan’s stability and credibility. 

Key steps include: 
- Legal reforms: strengthen protections for free speech, assembly, and association. 
- Political inclusivity: ensure space for opposition parties and independent voices. 
- Religious freedom: guarantee equal treatment for all faith communities. 
- Judicial independence: empower courts to hold officials accountable. 
- International engagement: collaborate with rights organisations to promote reform. 

Until these changes are made, Bhutan’s suppression of civil liberties will continue to spur citizens to flee, eroding both its democracy and its vision of “happiness.”